Differences in Rater Behavior - 1070 Words

Differences in rater behaviors are among the factors responsible for variability in the decision making process(DMP) during ratings. The interference of either the rater rating style or rater experience determines the validity and reliability of the rating score and the rater themselves. Factors related to rater inconsistencies identification and measurement in DMP is necessary to avoid factors underlying variability in decision making process . Several studies have identified rater proficiency level, rater experiences and tasks as its factors. The purpose of this paper is to critically review two articles that contribute to describe insights of rater behavior related to the factors studied. Barkaoui (2010) ‘Variability in ESL Essay†¦show more content†¦Unlike Baker, Barkaoui limits the think aloud protocol as its only quantification of the rating scores, underestimating interference of the think aloud protocol in the rating process(Barkaoui,2010,57). The difference i n the number of participants may restrict the author from applying other counterbalance methods in this case. Another important issue to point out is the data collection and presentation of the studies. Barkaoui (2010) rater samples includes natives and non-natives, qualities that may distort the study results as an external factor(p.57). It is in doubt that such differences has no impact on rating scores collected since other studies have claimed them as a factor that has an impact on raters rating performance. Regarding the data presentation, Baker (2010) studies further demonstrates more distinctive details and explicit insights in each raters behavior details. It successfully illustrate the data collected during the write aloud protocols in the findings discussions (Baker,2012,p.237-238). Barkaoui (2012) experimental study disregarded the importance of participants comments by excluding these data. The think aloud elicited data were presented in the appendix with limited reference inShow MoreRelatedCritical Evaluation of Two Articles that Describe the Inconsistencies in Rater Behaviors11 10 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered a complicated task for raters to remain consistent in their decision making process (DMP) when rating. It is because different raters have different qualities which affect raters’ behavior when assessing writing. Several researchers describe these qualities as raters’ proficiency level, raters’ experiences and tasks as the cause of raters’ inconsistencies in raters’ performance in their studies.Other researchers in recent studies suggest that rating process and rater cognitive process are theRead MoreIs The International English Language Testing System Reliable and Fair?1491 Words   |  6 Pagesincrease the concern of non-native raters reliability and their consistency in rating scores in countries these tests are adopted. Although these non-native raters are qualified raters, it is undeniable that comparing to native raters the interrater reliability level remains inconsistent.Various factors underlying the se variabilities includes raters characteristics such as experience, background knowledge and cultural background. Recent studies claimed that raters ego, style and their intellectualRead MoreGender Roles And Leadership Roles849 Words   |  4 Pageslevel, percent of male raters, and rating source affect how effective leaders of different genders are seen to be. Their analysis was based on Role Congruity Theory. This theory states that male gender roles and leadership roles are congruent, while female gender roles and leadership roles are not congruent. For this theory, women in leadership positions get disapproval because they are not follow their female gender roles. The researchers found that, while the difference was not significant, menRead MoreFactors That Influence Performance Rating867 Words   |  4 Pagesother researchers (Ployhart, Eiechmann, Schmitt, Sacco, Rogg, 2003) believe cultural differences can influence the validity of performance ratings. Specifically, expert s (Saffie-Robertson Brutus, 2014) in the field have examined cultural differences in the self-construal dimension, and how individuals’ self-construal can interact with performance ratings. It is critical for organizations to be aware of how raters’ personality and self-construal can affect their performance ratings. Examining howRead MoreTraditional Methods of Performance Appraisal1717 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose of performance appraisal is to update the worker on his progress, gauge his behavior and performance, praise good work, and note opportunities for improvement. A poorly conducted appraisal could cause the worker to lose morale, but a constructive performance appraisal can encourage him to go above and beyond the call of duty. People differ in their abilities and their aptitudes. There is always some difference between the quality and quantity of the same work on the same job being done by twoRead MoreAn Experimental Study At A Local Zoo1372 Words   |  6 Pagesthat time, two raters will be in different locations of each other and will be rating any sounds that the bat emits. The judges will rate the bat’s calls on the basis of how similar it sounds to the audio recording. The rater will use a scale ranging from one (= dissimilar) to five (= similar) to analyze the results. Inter-rater reliability tests will be conducted in order to ensure that their results are significantly similar. Additionally, during the study, there will be a second rater in a differentRead MoreApplication Of Counselor Competence For Person Centered And Experiential Psychotherapy1665 Words   |  7 PagesConceptualization This reliability study was designed to test the inter-rater reliability of a newly developed measure of counselor competence for person-centered and experiential psychotherapy techniques. Developed by the authors in hopes of improving counselor training and supervision outcomes for therapists specializing in a person-centered approach, the Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy Scale (PCEPS) is a rating scale containing two sub-scales (the person-centered subscale and experientialRead MoreGuidelines And Ethical Considerations For Assessment Center1379 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals behave in job-related situations. In fact, the guidelines assert that at least one of the assessment center testing techniques must be a job-related simulation that assess behavior. The guidelines also place importance on job analysis/competency modeling, which entails conducting â€Å"a job analysis of relevant behaviors†¦[to] determine the dimensions or competencies important to job succ ess in order to identify what should be evaluated by the assessment center† (International Task Force on AssessmentRead MoreThe Relation Between Handshaking, Personality and First Impressions1036 Words   |  5 Pagescorrelation between handshaking and personality. However; the amount of research on this topic is very limited. According to the text: â€Å"the purpose of the present research was to assess the generalizability of some characteristics of handshaking behavior across time and gender; to test some hypotheses about the relations among handshaking dimensions, personality, and gender; and to evaluate the relation between handshaking dimensions and initial impressions formed about strangers.† Eight characteristicsRead MoreWeek 3 Knowledge Check Study Guide965 Words   |  4 PagesRelevance B. Sensitivity C. Reliability D. Acceptability Correct: The Correct Answer is: B. By structuring a performance-appraisal system for sensitivity, an allowance is made for differences in individuals. 2. _____ translate job requirements into levels of acceptable or unacceptable employee behavior. A. Absolute rating systems B. Qualitative analyses C. Reliability judgments D. Performance standards Correct: The Correct Answer is: D. Once an organization has identified a task

The Ancient Egyptian Era - 1484 Words

When a message is in its original form it is known as plaintext or cleartext and the process that involves masking the text to hide the content is known as encryption. Once a message is encrypted it is referred to as ciphertext . Cryptography or crypto for short has always served the same purpose of encrypting information for reasons of privacy, deception, or security. Cryptographic methodologies could date back to the ancient Egyptian era where standard hieroglyphs were altered to mask true meaning . It is more likely that the first introduction of crypto followed the invention of writing and evolved in line with forms of communication. The use of crypto has been seen as extremely advantageous in times of war, where communication†¦show more content†¦Aim 2. The aim of this document is to provide an overview on the various cryptographic technologies in use today and what the future might hold. The document will cover the following subjects: a. Crypto authority and policy. b. Methods of Encryption: (1) Algorithmic encryption. (2) Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). (3) Public Key Encryption (PKE), symmetric and asymmetric. (4) Elliptic curve cryptography. c. Future concepts: (1) Quantum cryptography. Crypto authority and policy 3. Crypto Service for Defence (CSD). Information security within the MoD is of utmost importance when considering national security as a whole. Today information flows readily and can be easily accessible to the common user. Given the complexity and sensitivity of crypto within the MoD is key that authority for correct issue, handling and usage is established. The CSD working within the United Kingdom National Defence Association (NKNDA) and based in MoD Corsham, provide the delivery of cryptographic capability across the MoD. CSD implement MoD crypto policy for Communications Security (COMSEC) and crypto security in accordance with UK Government policy . CSD enforces these policies through inspections and audits and handles requests for crypto material. In general the department are responsible for the ordering, deployment and management of crypto material. 4. Communications Electronic Security Group (CESG). Minimum

Origins of the Cornucopia in Greek Mythology

The cornucopia, literally horn of plenty, comes to the Thanksgiving table thanks to Greek mythology. The horn may have originally been that of a goat which the infant Zeus used to drink from. In the story of Zeus childhood, it is told that he was sent away to a cave for safekeeping to prevent his father Cronus from eating him. Sometimes it is said that he was nursed by a goat named Amalthea and sometimes that he was fostered by a nymph of the same name who fed him on goats milk. While an infant, Zeus did what other babies do -- cry. To cover up the noise and keep Cronus from finding out his wifes plot to protect her son, Amalthea asked the Kuretes or Korybantes to come to the cave in which Zeus was hidden and make lots of noise. Evolution of the Cornucopia There are various versions of the evolution of the cornucopia from a horn sitting on the head of the nurturing goat. One is that the goat tore it off herself to present it to Zeus; another that Zeus tore it off and gave it back to the Amalthea-goat promising her abundance; another, that it came from a river gods head. The cornucopia is most frequently associated with the goddess of the harvest, Demeter, but is also associated with other gods, including the aspect of the Underworld god that is the god of wealth, Pluto, since the horn symbolizes abundance.

Co-Op Essay - 798 Words

Strengths-Weakness Opportunities-Threats CO-OP Essay In the summer of 2005 I had the opportunity to intern at The Franklin Institute Museum in PA. This museum is one of the many well known science museums across the country. The Franklin Institute Museum is a unique museum that gives the experience of exploring science in a fun and fascinating way. The museum touches bases on many areas of science such as, anatomy, physics, environmental sciences, and space. The Franklin Institute is named after Benjamin Franklin and is the home of his national memorial statue. It was founded in 1824 and its first building was established in 1825; since then its location has changed with in the city of Philadelphia but it still remains to be one†¦show more content†¦It also gives the option of including your work done at the Franklin Institute on your resume for future employers to review. The opportunities that the Institute has are limited but with hardwork and networking growth can be made. Threats: With any company that promotes a program or has a program there are threats. The threat of the Discovery Camp is the fact that there are many other camps out there that promote fun and learning about science as well. Many other science camps may go in depth with more experiments and knowledge about a specific area while Discovery Camp only touches small bases of each area. The obstacle the program may face is the fact that the amount of money the parents put into the program may not be worth the information there children are getting back. In being a science camp it would be useful to invest in more technology and science equipment for the students, which will help advance them for the future science classes they mayShow MoreRelatedEssay about Co-op Bank2214 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Case Analysis Report The Co-operative Bank Submitted to Wila-sini Wongkaew, PhD Prepared by Pitchapa Nuancharoen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   578 20011 26 Pitchaya Wijitthanakul   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   578 20034 26 Pimpika Hitakomate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   578 20108 26 Pattarin Ha-upala   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   578 20200 26 Salila Junsuriyapong   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   578 21144 26 Supattana Srisalaui   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   578 21282 26 2601633 Advanced Managerial Accounting and Cost Management Semester 2 Academic Year 2014 Executive Summary This reportRead MoreCase 12: Rocky Mountain House Co-Op Essay2316 Words   |  10 PagesCase 12: Rocky Mountain House Co-op June 4, 2009 Critical Issue / Challenge Identification o In Petroleum division, its cardlock system is out-of-date and has no capability to sell marked gasoline with the old system, should the company invest in new facilities? o The competitor-UFA is going to launch an outlet in this area, should the company consider going into the fertilizer and ag chemical business to fulfill customers’ needs? o RMHC has approximately $1 millionRead MoreEssay about MOUNTAIN EQUIPMENT CO-OP: THE PRIVATE-LABEL STRATEGY2339 Words   |  10 PagesCASE 1: ________________________________ MOUNTAIN EQUIPMENT CO-OP: THE PRIVATE-LABEL STRATEGY____________ Critical Issues In order to fulfill the company’s core purpose and philosophies while still maintaining a viable business operation, Mountain Equipment Co-op (MEC) must address: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · How to provide their customers with a unique and desirable product line that no other store can match so that they can own a distinct competitive advantage and do not have to directly competeRead MoreHenri Cartier Bresson - Arts1722 Words   |  7 Pagesa wide audience. 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Slokas Free Essays

string(410) " vibhaki is used to denote the temporal relationship between two successive events so basically it means, even when the world can be conquered by forgivance, what else remains \?\? \?\?\?\?\?\?\? \?\?\?\? \?\?\?\?\?\?\?\? \?\?\?\?\?\?\? \?\?\?\?\?\?\? | \?\?\?\?\?\? \?\? \?\?\?\?\?\?\?\? \?\?\?\?\?\?\? \?\?\?\?\?\?\?\?\? || Laxmi resides at the tip of the hand, sarasvati in the middle, Govinda at the root\." || || This is the ‘un-edited’ collection of Kedar’s postings of pratidinaM subhaashitaM on the sanskrit-digest mailing group archives. If you would like to edit and format these for posting on the sanskrit documents web site, please write to sanskrit@cheerful. com. We will write a custom essay sample on Slokas or any similar topic only for you Order Now | Any good endeavour is begun be a prayer to Ganesh or Saraswati. Hence this second subhhaashita of ASAD’ is dedicated to Saraswati : | || One who is as white as a garland of kunda flowers and waterdrops, who has worn white apparel, whose hand is placed on the stem of the vINA, who is sitting on a white lotus, and who is always worshipped by Gods such as Brahma, Achyuta (Vishnu) and Shankara, that Sarasvati, who completely steals (one’s) lethargy may bless me ||. In this third verse of ASAD, learn three things from the donkey||. ? ? | | (He) carries loads without rest, is not deterred by the heat or cold, is always content these three things should be learnt from the donkey | | This subhaashita is a prayer to Shankara. It has a nice verbal composition | ? || Equipped with a spear(pinAka), snake(phaNi), the crescent of the moon(bAlendu), ashes and the ganga, may this idol composed from the ‘pa v arga’ (the consonants pa, pha, ba, bha, ma) lead us to heaven (apavarga). here is a riddle ) | ? || The apparent meaning : O Lotus eyed, I wish to drink water from you. If you give it to me, I do not want it, but if you dont give it, I shall drink it !!! (which obviously makes no sense||) The solution : the trick is in the word â€Å"dAsyasi† which has been interpreted above as the future tense form of the verb ‘dA’ meaning to give. However it is correctly interpreted as the sandhi dAsi + asi Hence the second line actually means, if you are a dAsi, I dont want it, but if you are not a dAsi I shall drink it. Perhaps this goes back to the times where braAhmins would note accept even water if it was touched by untouchable dAsis|| | || (There are many verses that praise the effects of good company. However this is my favourite among them ) ? | || You cant even notice a hint of a drop of water fallen on hot iron. The same drop shines like a pearl on a lotus leaf. And in the ‘swati’ nakShatra fallen inside a sea shell, it becomes a pearl ||Usually excellent, medium and bad states (of a person) are dependent on company. Again as Marathi speaking people will recognise, this is exactly identical to the following marathi verse : ? ! | || | (I think many people know this verse that praises knowledge) ? ? ? ? ? ? | || It cannot be stolen by thieves, cannot be taken away by the king, cannot be divided among brothers and does not cause a load. If spent, it always multiplies. The wealth of knowledge is the greatest among all wealths. ? ? | || When in combat against each other we are 5 and they are hundred. But when against others, we are a hundred and five ||. (obviously refers to Kauravas and Pandavas. I believe this is supposed to be said by Dharma. ) ? | || The wise man acquires knowldge and wealth as if he is never going to die. And he practices relegion as if he is tightly h eld in his hair by death. Here’s another one I believe accredited to Kalidasa ? | || The birth of one lotus on another has neither been seen nor heard of. Little girl, how is it that on your lotus face there are these two lotuses ? (her eyes) One more subhashitam that starts with â€Å"kamale† | ? | || On the lotus sits Goddess Kamalaa (Laxmi), Hara (Lord Shiva) resides in the Himaalayaas. In the vortex of the churning ocean resides Hari (Lord VishNu), I know this precisely. = Brahma (seated on a lotus) = Vishnu (lotus eyed) = Shiva? (crowned by the enemy of the lotus (moon? )) = the sun (lit. husband of the lotus) = praised = praised ? May Laxmi, whose lotus like feet are praised by the trinity and the sun(? ) make me her lotus (ie, abode) your interpretation of kamalArikirITa is perfect. the moon is the enemy of the lotus because when the moon rises, the lotus closes itself. : = = to carry; = = carrier hence kamalabhRidvAha is the carrier of the carrier of a lotus, which is the cloud or the lord varuna. there is no special reason for using both stuta and nuta ||stuta means praised, and nuta means saluted|| however, the best part is â€Å"karotu me kamalaM† the word ka has many meanings. one among them is â€Å"evil†. â€Å"alaM† means enough. Hence k arotu me kaM alaM means may she end all my evil ||. | || As all the water fallen from the skies goes to the sea, similarly salutations to any God finally reach Keshava. | ? || Reactions to calamities should be considered well in advance. It is no good to start digging a well when the house is on fire ! | | = really = spring = sweet = it should actually be virauti : means cries. = beautiful = cha + Amra (Amra = mango) = petal = (is this correctly transliterated ? ) = intention overall meaning : the sweet crying of the cuckoo in spring has the intention of the â€Å"nikraika† of the beautiful mango petal || This shloka was poorly transliterated||please refer the following transliteration guidelines when transliterating sanskrit into English. This will result in others understanding your shlokas more easily ||and hence responding quicker||. | || What can a wicked person do to someone who has the weapon of fogivance in his hands ? Fire fallen on ground without any grass extinguishes by itself. | : ? | || forgivance is the strength of the weak. forgivance is the ornament of the mighty. f the world is conquered by forgivance, what cannot be accomplished by forgivance ? | : ? | || forgivance is the strength of the weak. forgivance is the ornament of the mighty. if the world is conquered by forgivance, what cannot be accomplished by forgivance ? wrong in the first half of second line of the above verse itself ! Even to get the meaning â€Å"In the world, forgivance has the power of conquering†, the words look odd |||Does â€Å"vashikrute† give th is meaning ? = conquered. vashI+kRi = to conquer = conquered. ShamAvashIkRite loke is a â€Å"sati saptami† usage. it is to be interpreted as yadA lokaH kShamAvashIkRitaH tada (when the world is conquered by forgivance) In the sati saptami usage, the saptami vibhaki is used to denote the temporal relationship between two successive events so basically it means, even when the world can be conquered by forgivance, what else remains | || Laxmi resides at the tip of the hand, sarasvati in the middle, Govinda at the root. You read "Slokas" in category "Papers" Hence one should take â€Å"darshan† of one’s hand in the morning. | || If I rememeber the sloka it is â€Å"karamule tu gouricha† it’s not govondaH. Laxmi resides at the tip of the hand, sarasvati in the middle, Gouri(Parvati) at the root. Hence one should take â€Å"darshan† of one’s hand in the morning. Hi Padma. glad to see you on the list. you are probably right about â€Å"karamUle tu gauri cha† this makes a more consistent subhaashita but sometimes there are more than one versions of a subhaashita in existence with small differences and both of them are â€Å"correct† again, gauri makes a better paaTh than govindaH |||| hanks ! kedar (fwd) Thanks for the sholka. This shoka about Kshama and the line of thinking. and other features that go with it were adopted by Gandhiji for our freedom. There was the other group (jahal) who asked questions like what should be done for the person who is determined to kill you regardless of what you are thinking. Examples were given from the 2nd war and how a cretain group of people was removed by force etc. So the jahals justified their line of thinking. | || If I rememeber the sloka it is â€Å"karamule tu gouricha† it’s not govondaH. Laxmi resides at the tip of the hand, sarasvati in the middle, Gouri(Parvati) at the root. Hence one should take â€Å"darshan† of one’s hand in the morning. Hi Padma. glad to see you on the list. you are probably right about â€Å"karamUle tu gauri cha† this makes a more consistent subhaashita but sometimes there are more than one versions of a subhaashita in existence with small differences and both of them are â€Å"correct† again, gauri makes a better paaTh than govindaH |||| I have come across â€Å"karamulethu govinda† in my child hood. ecently I heard even the other one † karamu lethu gauri cha†. So obviously the subhashitham was subjected to changes as time passed , We cannot argue which is correct as we don’t know the exact source of this work||Let us accept both, as both are having good meanings. | â€Å"At the top of the hand resides Laxmi. | In the middle of the hand resides Sarasvati. | At the bottom of the hand resides Brahma. | In the morning, the sight of the hands | (is auspicious). | â€Å"O goddess with the mantle of oceans. | adorned with the breasts of mountains. | O the consort of Vishnu, salutations to thee! | pardon me for touching thee with my feet. † Note: The above prayers are generally recited as soon as one gets up from the bed. In the first sloka, Laxmi stands for spiritual wealth, Sarasvati for spiritual knowledge and Brahma for spiritual wisdom. According to the Hindu mythology, God Vishnu has two wives, Sri Devi (Laxmi) and Bhoomi Devi (Earth). They are supposed to be residing on His chest. For defiling the Earth with our feet and also with our body fluids, we beseech Her pardon. This concludes the Earth Day specials. | || The crow is black, and the cuckoo is black. What is the difference between the two ? It is when spring arrives that the crow is identified as the crow, and the cuckoo, the cuckoo. | , || Poets say that the heart of a good man is like butter, but that is not correct. The heat (frustration/sorrow/ etc. ) residing in another body does not melt butter, but it does melt the good man. I do not know whether the following two verses were indeed like a sawaal jawaab, but it definitely seems so | || | || The first verse : What is so strange about women tying glass, beads and gold all on one thread ? Even the great thinker paNini tied the dog, the youth and Indra on the same string ||(pun on the word suutra) The second verse : Gautam’s wife was forcibly molested by the youth Indra. (who acted) like a dog. the great thinker pAnini tied the dog, the youth and Indra on the same string ||. I guess I should have clarified. the three words : shvA (dog) yuvA (youth) and maghavA (indra) belong to the same grammatical class ||they are declined identically, and there is a suutra (rule) in Panini’s grammar that ties them together. ||. hence the pun on suutra||. | || The penniless man wishes for a hundred, the onw who has hundred wants a thousand, the one with a thousand , a lakh. The one with a lakh wants to be the king, the king wants to be the emperor, and the emperor wants to be Indra (king of Gods), Indra want’s brahma’s position, brahma shiva’s and shiva viShNu’s |||who has ever been able to kill desire ? | ? ? || Whether the philosophers praise him or criticize, whether lakShmi enters the house or goes away as she wishes, whether death is today itself or after an eon, great men never step a foot away from the path of justice. for marathi readers : | ? || Hi. Padma pointed out a typo I had made. Instead of paJNcha, I had just written paJNa |||The corrected shloka is as follows : | ? || ive mouthed himself(Shiva), and sons the elephant mouth (Ganesh) and the one with six mouths (Kartikeya) ||how would shiva survive if Annapurna (Parvati) was not at home ? | || Himself the great lord, his father in law the king of mountains, his friend the king of wealth, his and his son the lord of the gaNas. even then roaming around begging for food is shiva’s destiny only god’s wish is powerful ||. ? | ? || O cloud, you roar, but do not give water. I, the chatak bird am thirsty. If fatefully the southern winds blow here, where shall you be , where shall I be and where shall it rain ? ! | || O chatak, my friend, listen for a moment with an alert mind. there are many clouds in the sky, not all of them are alike. Some wet the earth by their showers, whereas some just roar. Dont beg pitifully in front of each and every one you come across ! | || The night shall go away and it shall be dawn. The sun will rise and the lotus will smile ! While the bumblebee trapped in the lotus was thinking this, Alas ! an elephant uprooted the lotus ! I believe this is the first piece of verse in Sanskrit ; composed by Valmiki | || O niShaada, you will not come to glory till the end of eternity. or you have killed one from a pair of krauncha birds, enraptured in love. This is the first shloka in Ramayana as Krishna told me some time ago. As the mea ning indicates, Valmiki was inspired to write this shloka when he saw a hunter shooting one of two krauncha birds who were engaged in rati. I believe this is the first piece of verse in Sanskrit ; composed by Valmiki | || O niShaada, you will not come to glory till the end of eternity. for you have killed one from a pair of krauncha birds, enraptured in love. This is the first shloka in Ramayana as Krishna told me some time ago. As the meaning indicates, Valmiki was inspired to write this shloka when he saw a hunter shooting one of two krauncha birds who were engaged in rati. This was one of the first shlokas that I learned in my Sanskrit class in the 5th grade, and all the info below is based on what I learned then. most of the people on this net may already be familiar with the significance of this shloka. ever composed by aadikavi (first poet) vaalmiiki. He was in a peaceful state of mind (either meditating or taking a walk) when this niShaada (hunter) killed the male krauncha (swan? . vaalmiiki got angry with the actions of the hunter and this shloka came out of his mouth. After vaalmiiki emerged out of his rage, he realized that he had gone out of the state of equanimity and cursed the hunter out. It was then that someone else (naarada? ) appeared and told him that he had uttered the first piece of poetry and explained to him that th ere was a second meaning behind the shloka. I don’t remember what the other interpretation of this shloka is except that the hunter is raama and the krauncha(s) are raavaNa and mandodarii, and that raama kills raavaNa. I don’t remember what the second interpretation of the shraapa (curse) is when applied to raama. So this is how the shloka fits into the raamayaNa. ? | || No one knows what will happen to whom tomorrow. So a wise man should do all of tomorrow’s tasks today. ( ||||) tomorrow = day after tomorrow = 2 days after tomorrow = yesterday = day before yesterday = 2 days before yesterday = ? | ? || Inferior men do not start (any endeavor) with the fear of obstructions. Average men , stop an endeavor when they are faced with problems. However. even though they are struck again and again by disaster, superior men never give up an endeavor that they have undertaken. | ? || The lion, even when a cub, attacks jumps upon the cheek of an intoxicated elephant. It is indeed the nature of the courageous : the age of the glorious ones is never relevant. nd for the marathi crowd, here’s a marathi translation : | || â€Å" † | | || a~Nkura means the first sprout. yathA bIjastathA~NkuraH is a very famous proverb. it basically means as you sow, so you reap ||. ? ? | ? ? | || ? ? | ? || As two logs of wood come together in the ocean, and immediately go away from each other, so much alike is mankind ||. and for the marathi people, another translation : this one from the geeta rAmaayana by madgulkar in the song â€Å" . † : . | || One should not steal anything belonging to anyone, should not utter a sensitive sentence, should remember (bow down to) Vishnu’s feet, and thus swim the ocean of life with ease. This ASAD is a small tribute to my sanskrit teacher, Shri Vasant Nanivadekar. He resides in Bombay, and is very well versed with the sanskrit classics as well as conversational sanskrit. He is an active â€Å"kAryakartA† in many sanskrit related projects and activities in Bombay. Above all, along with my mother he is the one who has introduced me to this great world of Sanskrit verse and literature. What follows is his translation of Tennyson’s â€Å"Home they brought her warrior dead† into sanskrit verse. ? ? ? ? | || Home they brought her warrior dead She nor swooned nor uttered cry All her maidens watching said â€Å"She must weep or she will die. † | || Then they praised him soft and low Called him worthy to be loved Truest friend and noblest foe Yet she neither spoke, nor moved. ? Stole a maiden from her place Lightly to the warrior stept Took the face cloth from the face Yet she neit her moved, nor wept. , ! Rose a nurse of nintey years Set his child upon her knee Like summer tempest came her tears â€Å"Sweet my child, I live for thee ! † There were two errors in the first paragraph in my earlier posting. This is the corrected version : ? ? ? ? | || | ? || The man without (love of) literature music or the arts is indeed an animal without a tail or horns. The fact that he survives even without eating grass is indeed a great piece of luck for the other animals. This one is similar to ASAD[32] in meaning : ? ? ? ? ? ? | || Those who do not have learning, perseverence, are not charitable, do not have wisdom, character, good qualities or relegion, are indeed a burden to on the earth in the mortal world, and live as animals in the form of man. | || The teachers who distribute knowledge among the students after getting it from their gurus, and who are storehouses of love and kn owledge, are indeed like God to me. | || peed is the ornament of the horse, the intoxicated state is the ornament of the elephant. Cleverness is the ornament of a woman, and industriousness is the ornament of a man. | || I bow to you, O Sarasvati who is the giver of boons and giver of knowledge. Give me untainted wisdom and be pleased and all endowing (to me) | || In the boundless world of poetry, PrajApati (Brahma) is the only one poet. He changes the universe as and when he thinks best || | ? || The ink may be like a black mountain, the sea may be the inkpot, A branch of the tree of gods (kalpataru / mandAra ||. I believe there are five of them) may be used as a pen, and the whole earth be used as the paper. If even Sharada (Goddess Sarasvati) writes for all the time using all this material, even then, O lord, she will not come to the end of describing your good qualities. | || I haven’t heard this one before, so the following may be off the mark to some extent Giving, return of courtesy, sharing secrets, asking [for one’s welfare? ] eating [with one? ] , feeding, these are six characteristics of love. Need meaning of subhaaShita | || I believe this may be originally in some Purana; it’s in Pancha tantra as well as in UpadeSaamRita of Ruupa Goswami. â€Å"Six symptoms of affection are giving, receiving, explaining in confidence and enquiring, accepting food and feeding. † Henry Groover (Agraahya daasa) | || I haven’t heard this one before, so the following may be off the mark to some extent Giving, return of courtesy, sharing secrets, asking [for one’s welfare? ] eating [with one? ] , feeding, these are six characteristics of love. you are almost right. here is the accurate meaning : gives, takes, tells and asks secrets, eats (from you) and feeds (you) are the six characteristics of love |||(frie ndship would perhaps be more appropriate here ||) | || When the money is gone (become poor), the hunger increases At the time of trouble, the enemities crop up when you are divided (without unity), problems become plenty. I do not know the meaning of â€Å"abhIkShNaM†. The meaning of first line depends upon this word. I think â€Å"samud. hbhada. nti† should be â€Å"samud. hbhava. nti†. Basically, the Subhaashita is trying to tell us that problems crop up only when you are devoid of the solution ! (Murphy’s law ? ) I do not know the meaning of â€Å"abhIkShNaM†. The meaning of first line depends upon this word. Dictionary gives the meaning of abhiikShNam as â€Å"every moment†; it fits here, but is somewhat puzzling. With this meaning, the first pada means When wounded, blows fall every moment [The wounded get hit repeatedly] IF it is abhikShNaM, the first line will not obey the meter of the shloka. besides that everything makes sense. (it is basically a version of † when it rains, it pours † ||. | | One of the let me catch my breath shlokas? Actually this is a fairly famous one. The â€Å"correct† interpretation : Notice that ke and shava have been separated. The word â€Å"ka† means water (among several other meanings). Hence ke means in water. pANDava also means fish; kaurava also means crow. hence the interpretation is : Seeing the cadaver (shava) fallen in water, the fish were overjoyed. ALl the crows however started crying ||† O the cadaver in water !! † | ? || O vaidya (doctor), brother of Yama, I bow do wn to you. Yama only steals away one’s life, but the vaidya steals one’s life as well as money ! ? ? | || Not a horse, not an elephant, and never a tiger. It is the son of a goat that is sacrificed ! God is indeed a betrayer of the weak |||! | ? || The reaction to calamity must be considered before hand. IT is no use to start digging a well after your house is afire !! | ? || Even a single second in life cannot be obtained by alll precious jewels. Hence spending it without purpose is a great mistake. | || = self = satisfaction = poet = poetry = master = doorstep = light = similar = other = favour The poetry of poets is always for their own satisfaction, However, like the light on the porch of the master’s house, it is also beneficial to others. (light from the porch illuminates the inside as well as the outside of a house |||) | || = seeing = twice ( + ) = said = speaking brahmA = eye = two = tongue = created Seeing is given twice as much importance as speaking by Brahma. Man has two eyes, however, only one tongue was created. ? | ? || = effort = to be accomplished = work = wish = asleep = lion + = to enter = mouth = deer/animal Work is accomplished by effort, not by wishing. Deer do not enter the mouth of a sleeping lion. Vivek Khare asked me the meaning of the word â€Å"hi† in the subhAshita : udyamena hi sidhyanti |||| The word hi means nothing. Perhaps it could be interpreted here as an emphasizer, but otherwise, it means literaly nothing. The words cha vai tu and hi are used in sanskrit by poets to fill up the meter. the words cha and tu have meanings, (and and but respectively) but the word vai has no meaning, and the word hi may be interpreted as something that emphasizes a point. In fact I am sure many of you know the famous first attempt by a quack poet : | ? ? || The poet thought up these three lines : O king, (rajendra), get up get up ! uttiShTha) mukhaM praxAlayasva (wash your face ! ) The rooster cries out in the morning (prabhAte roditi kukkuTaH ) the problem was after uttishThottiShTha rAjendra, mukhaM praxAlayasva left one letter less for the eight letter anuShTubh chhanda, and prabhAte roditi kukkuTaH had one letter extra ! so this grandmaster took the â€Å"TaH† from kukkuTaH and placed it at the end of the first line ! And now he had three out of four parts, an d he just coud not think of anything for the last part of the verse hence cha vai tu hi cha vai tu hi !!! | ? || = excellent = too much = speaker = inferior = to speak = gold = sound = bronze + = to be born The great man is rarely somone who talks too much, but the inferior man talks too much. There is no sound from gold as there is from bronze. | , || Meaning: Between ‘Chintaa’ (worry) and ‘Chitaa’ (pyre) the only difference is dot (anuswaara bindu in chintaa, that ‘n’). Pyre burns the dead, while worry burns the living. DON’T WORRY BE HAPPY 🙂 Ganapthi. | || The difference betn â€Å"chintA† and â€Å"chitA† is just a dot. â€Å"PYRE† burns the dead, while â€Å"WORRY† burns the living. | || + = to do a favor = lowly + = to harm = milk / water = snake = only = posion = increase Even a good turn done to a bad man results in evil. Drinking o f milk by snakes is only going to result in increase of their poison. uttamA AtmanA khyAtAH pituH khyAtAshcha madhyamAH | adhaMA mAtulat. khyAtAH shvashurAchhAdhamAdhamAH || : ? | ? || shabdArtha = most superior = famous = father = medium/average = maternal uncle = father in law = inferior = the worst among the inferior The great ones are famous by their own efforts, The average are famous because of their father. The inferior men are famous because of their uncle. and the worst among them are famous because of their father in law. I Thought you may like this subhashitha. .? .? ?. ..? | , || | , ?. || Bhavartha: A scholor even if he is from a backword class, is recognised and respected even in the company of the people who are most beautiful. who have great family background, and even among the gods. | || : ? | ? || shabdArtha = most superior = famous = father = medium/average = maternal uncle = father in law = inferior = the worst among the inferior The great ones are famous by their own efforts, The average are famous because of their father. The inferior men are famous because of their uncle. and the worst among them are famous because of their father in law. I interpreted this in a different way. This shubhashita intends to convey the wealth Most respected weath is the one you earn That you inherit from your father is just OK One you get from your mother is not good And, the one you aquire from wife is the worst I am not sure if that were a different version of this shubhashita | || = effort saahasam. h = adventure = courage buddhiH = knowledge = strength paraakramaH = bravery = six ete = these = where vartante = exist = there devaH = god = helpful God will help provided the six qualities effort, adventure, courage. knowledge, strength and bravery exist. ? | ? || = Sun = Moon = air = fire = sky = earth = water = soul = Lord Yama ? = and = morning = night = both = righteousness = knows = man’s = character Lord Sun, Lord Moon, Lord Vayu (air), Lord Agni (fire), the Sky, mother Earth. the water (Lord Varuna), the soul, Lord Yama, both the Day and the Night. and Dharma (the Righetousness) each one of these will know a man’s character. Every moment, you are being watched atleast by one of the above ! The discussion is with reference to recent Subhashitam posted by Raghavendra the one with UdyamasaahasaM ||||etc|| Hemali Vyas disagreed with the meaning of the two words Dhairyam and Saahasam Ramakrishna from Tokyo disagreed with the Hemali’s comments. Here is my opinion for whatever it is worth. DhairyaM means Dheeratwa bhavaM dhee is buddhi or intellect so in contrast to saahasaM dhairyaM must involve intellectual conviction. So in a way Hemali Vyas is right Raghavendra’s meaning that it is courage is also right It should be courage born of intellectual conviction not emotional outburst. We all know what is right but many a time we do not have the guts to follow what is right we do what we feel (emotional driven) like doing. DhairyaM is the courage to do what is based on right understanding. SaahasaM I will split as sa + a + hasam ( I donot have a dictionary at my computer desk this may be my imagination). has if I remember rightly means to smile or to laugh at with a in front it means opposite to be serious that one to take things seriously not jokingly with prefix sa it could mean samyak that is total or with seriously or daringly jumping into action there is no joking around n that sense SaahasaM should imply serious adventurous pursuit in contrast to DhairyaM saahasaM need not involve intellectual conviction it could be based on just emotional outburst. So there is a possibility of one getting burned if it is not based on sound intellectual judgment. Hence the subhashitaM says one needs both the DhairraM and SaahasaM Just an intellectual curiosity If I have all t he six of them listed why do I need the help of the Deva The truth of the matter is if I have all of them I already have the help of the Deva. Having all the six of them itself is by the grace of Deva too. In Vedanta Shastra, there is a preceding deity for each of the faculties like Indra for Bhuddi etc. Hence having these qualities is a grace of God too! Hari Om! Sadananda What you have is His gift to you and what you do with what you have is your gift to Him. ? ? | || ? = no = Certainly = I am = wish = kingdom = heaven = na + punarbhavam. h = salvation = for grief ridden = for living beings = kaShTam. h, sorrow = destruction, removal â€Å"Certainly I do not wish for kingdom. I do not wish for heaven. I do not even want salvation. My humble wish is for removal of sorrow from all the grief ridden living beings. † King Rantideva asks this wish from the God. This is considered as the one of the great shlokas representing our culture. I heard the story behing this subhaashita from Sri Krishna Shastry during the â€Å"Speak Sanskrit Classes†. Will share with you someday soon. ! (See the sarcasm here) | ? || = goat = fight = sage = post death rituals = in the morning = cloud noise, thundering = of the couple = quarrel ? = and = indeed = in the result ? = no = something Fighting between the goats, post death rituals for the sages, the thundering of clouds in the morning and the quarrel between the couple there is no useful outcome (result) in any one of these : ) [`Sages’ refers to those who have already attained salvation. Hence rituals for them are unnecessary. ] ? | || = minute = minute by minute = grain , bit = bit by bit = knowledge = money = and = accomplish, achieve = abandon, renounce = from where Knowledge should be persued with minute by minute efforts. Money should be earned utilising each and every grain. If you waste time, how can you get knowledge ? If you waste resources, how can you accumulate the wealth ? ? | || = and, even though = covered with gold, full of gold ? = no = for me = appeal = mother = motherland = heaven = grander, higher O Laxmana, even though Lanka is a golden land, it does not appeal to me. One’s mother and motherland are greater than heaven itself. [ Said by Lord Rama upon viewing Lanka ] | || = assistance to others = give fruits (plural) = trees = flow (plural) = rivers = give milk (plural) = cows = this = body Trees give fruits to assist others. Rivers flow to help others. Cows produce milk to feed others. In the same way, our own human body should also be employed for the assistance of others. | || = na + mantram. h, non mantra (mantra = divine poem). = na + xaram. h, imperishable, a letter of the alphabet ? = no = is = root = na + auShadam. h, non medicine = useless = person = co ordinator (one who organizes, plans) = there = difficult to get, scarce There is no letter in the alphabet that cannot be used in divine poems (mantra). There exists no root which cannot be used as a medicine. Likewise, there is no useless person. The scarcity is for the one. who knows how to use them ! | || | || = one = wheel = chariot = charioteer = disabled = odd (as in odd or even) = horse ? + = to attack = only = one who has tej (brilliance) = sun = sky the bhAvArtha He has a chariot with one wheel, a charioteer who is disabled (it is believed that aruNa, the sun’s charioteer was a cripple), and an odd number (i think it is seven) of horses to drive the chariot. Even then the briliant sun always attacks the sky !! So, let me wind up this small series with a subhAshita I wrote. Please excuse me for the mistakes. . | || = honey = pasted with = neem = wooden piece, stem = milk = fed with = snake = one who has taken bath = too = bad person = character, quality ? = No = indeed = leave, discard Honey paste on a bitter neem stem, milk feeding for a poisonous snake and Ganga bath for a bad person none will change their character. The bad qualities do not vanish just by changing outer look. We had to change our inner self. | || | || shabdArtha = also = tree = one that has flowered = one that has a nice fragrance = made fragrant = forest = good son = family = As bhAvArtha Even by one good tree that has flowered and has a nice fragrance, the whole forest is made fragrant, just as a whole fmaily is benefitted by one good son. ? | ? || ? ? | ? || shabdArtha = debt = remainder = fire = enemy = again + = to grow fast = hence = protect / maintain bhAvArtha Any remainder of debt, fire and enemy grow rapidly again and again, hence no remainder should be maintained||(debts should be completely paid of. and fire or enemies should be completely destroyed ) | ? ? || | ? ? || shabdArtha = rise = sun = red = fall (set) = prosperity = calamity = great man = one = form bhAvArtha The sun is red at sunrise and red at sunset : During prosp erity as well as calamity the great men have the same form. | ? ? | ? ? habdArtha = industrious = man = lion + ? = to approach = destiny = contemptible fellow = to speak + = destroy = do = manliness, virility, courage, effort = self strength = effort = done = if = to be accomplished = here = fault bhAvArtha Laxmi goes to the industrious man like a lion. Only contemptible cowards say that destiny should give. Overcome your destiny and excercise your manliness. If there is no accomplishment inspite of effort where is the fault? (If there is no success inspite of e ffort, it is not your fault ) | || | || shabdArtha prefix verb meaning = force = somewhere else ( ) = to take away ( ) = to steal + = to hit ? + = to eat + = to completely destroy + = to roam + = to abandon bhAvArtha The meaning of a verb is forcibly taken elsewhere by a prefix. Just like the meaning of the verb hRi (to steal) is changed by the following prefixes : pra, A, saM, vi, pari |||(meanings given above) | ? || | ? || shabdArtha = these = good man = foreign / other = benefit = component = one’s own purposes + = to sacrifice = those who = common = effort = one who carries = opposition = no opposition = = man = demon = wellbeing + = to destroy = needlessly = who ( , ) to know bhAvArtha These, who are engaged in benefitting others after sacrificing their own purposes are the great men. Those who benefit others without opposing their needs are the common men. Those who destroy others’ well being for doing good to themselves are demons in human form. However those who destroy other peoples’ well being without any cause whatsoever, we do not know who they are ! Here is a marathi equivalent for the above shloka : e to satpuruSha svakArya tyajuni anyArta hI sAdhitI he to madhyama je nijArtha karunI anyAr tha sampAditI he to rAxasa je svakArya viShayI anyArtha vidhva. nsitI je kA vyartha parArthahAni kariti te koNa kI durmatI ? | ? || | ? || shabdArtha = following = daily = trouble = troubled, frustrated = highest, the utmost, most excellent = pity, sympathy = temptation = to cut, cutoff = unreality; the illusion by virtue of which one considers the unreal universe as really existent and distinct from the supreme spirit = come together with = this = extremely = fickle, unstable = mind = (roughly) not easy to control = too much = sorrow = without = to run = immediately bhAvArtha O Rama, I am extremely tormented by the daily struggle of life. O most sympathizing one, cut away the temptation that has come to me with mAyA. This very fickle mind of mine is difficult to control. There is a lot of sorrow without you ! Run to me immediately ! And I am sure the marathi readers will recognize this as the sanskrit version of this verse ! ? ? ? | || It had never happened before , or been heard of before. A golden deer had never been seen before. Inspite of that, Rama desired it : At the time of destruction, one’s judgement goes bonkers ||! | || shabdArtha = golden ( + ? ) = lotus ( one that is born in a lake) + = to create = sculptor = fragrance = capable / skiled/ clever = four = face bhAvArtha The sculptors are there to create golden lotuses. But onlythe four faced one (Brahma) is clever enough to produce fragrance in them ! | || | || shabdArtha = dependent only one onself = end = benefit = the creator = covering = ignorance = especiaaly = one who knows everything = society / company = ornament, asset = silence = someone who is not a scholar bhAvArtha A selfdependent covering of ignorance has been created by the creator with the one intention of benefitting. Especially in the company of the knowledgeable silence is an asset to those who are ignorant. And again, a marathi version : | || | ? || shabdArtha = teacher = service = knowledge = a lot = money = fourth + = to obtain bhAvArtha Knowledge (is acquired) by serving the teacher, or by a lot of money or by (exchange of) knowledge. A fourth (path) is not available | ? || | ? || shabdArtha = to walk ( ) = to stand = one = the wise man + = to examine = other = place = previous = abode, resting place = to leave, sacrifice bhAvArtha The wise man walks with one foot and stands on one foot. (never steps onto a new place without examining it ) Without examining the next place, he does not leave the previous abode. , | | || | || shabdArtha kalpa vRixa : the tree that will give you anything you can imagine = imagined = to produce = kAmadhenu : the cow who can milk out anything you wish = something one has wished for = milks (from duh. h : to milk ) = the gem that gives you anything you can think about = something one has thought about = to give = the good men = company = everything bhAvArtha The kalpavRixa produces only what you can imagine, The kAmadhenu milks only what you want. The chintAmaNi give you only what you have thought about. However good company produces everything. Its benefits are not limited by your thoughts desires or imagination) ? | ? || ? | ? ? || shabdArtha = truth = to speak = dear, nice = false = practice = ancient bhAvArtha One should speak the truth, and say nice things. One should not say things that are true if they are not nice. And nor should one say nice things if they are not true : This is the ancient practice ? | ? || ? | ? || shabdArtha = full = pot = noise = ha lf = pot = noise + ? = to go = really = learned = one who is from a good family = pride = foolish person = to babble = quality = bereft of bhAvArtha A full pot does not make anynoise, however a half full pot really makes noise. A learned respectable person is never vain, but foolish people bereft of any good qualities babble incessantly. | || | || shabdArtha = coconut = form = to look = good man = other = the jujube fruit (â€Å"bora† in marathi) = outside = beautiful bhAvArtha The good men seem to be like coconuts. (Tough on the outside but soft inside). Others are like the jujube fruit, beautiful only on the outside (but sour inside). ? ? | || shabdArtha = happened = previously = news = gold = deer = desire = Rama = destruction = time = inverted, contrary to rule, wrong = intellect, judgement bhAvArtha It had never happened before , or been heard of before. A golden deer had never been seen before. Inspite of that, Rama desired it : At the time of destruction, one’s judgement goes bonkers ||! As KEDAR S NAPHADE said: | || | || â€Å"drishyante api† shabdArtha = coconut = form = to look = be seen = also = good man = other = the jujube fruit (â€Å"bora† in marathi) = outside = beautiful bhAvArtha The good men seem to be like coconuts. (Tough on the outside but soft inside). Others are like the jujube fruit, beautiful only on the outside (but sour inside). The phrase â€Å"drishyante api† means they (coconuts) are also seen. i. e. if you look for them hard enough, you DO find them i. . they are scare to find. In contrast the â€Å"bera† (Hindi) or â€Å"bora† (Marathi) or berry (English) is seen a lot. i. e. good people are like coconuts, hard outside, soft inside and are scarce to find, bad people are like berries, soft outside, hard inside, and are found a lot. This is shlok 93 in HitopadeshaH’s first chapter â€Å"Mitralaabh† Another related shubhashita from HitopadeshaH in the related topic. shloka 100 same chapter is: manasya anyat vachasya anyat karyam anyat duraatmanaam mansya ekam vachasya ekam karmaNya ekam mahaatmanaam i. e the e vil people think something else, say something else and do something else. The great (good) people think, say and do the same thing. Reminds me of a joke I read a long time back. A reporter asked the political figure his secret of success, and the politician replied: â€Å"Well, we think something, say something else, do something else and something else happens!! Beats me!! † :)) ShashiKant Joshi | ! ! shabdArtha = other’s, foreign = food + = to get, obtain = stupid person, idiot = life = pity = to do = rare = birth bhAvArtha You idiot, dont show any pity for your life if you are getting food from someone else (free food). (Go on, stufff yourself ! fall sick ! ) Free food is rare , whereas as far as lives are concerned, you will get one at every birth !! (I am sure all our fellow grad students will strongly agree with this : ) ? | ? || ? | ? || shabdArtha = wicked person = good man + ? = to go to = many = way = to serve = repeatedly = sprayed = milk = ghee = neem = tree = sweetness bhAvArtha A wicked person shall never become good even if served in many ways. A neem tree, even if repeatedly sprayed with milk and ghee shall never become sweet. ? ? ? ? ? | || ? ? ? ? ? ? | || shabdArtha = armlet (bracelet worn on upper arm) + = to decorate = man = garland = moon = radiant = bath = smearing = flower = decorated / ornamented = head = hair (from the head) = language/ gift of speech = refined ( ; ) = to ho ld, carry, bear. = to dimnish = ornament = speech bhAvArtha Armlets do not (really) decorate a person, neither do garlands as radiant as the moon. Nor again, does the act of bathing or smearing, or flowers, or ornamented hair. Bearing a gift of refined speech is the only one thing that really ornaments a man. All other ornaments always diminish the ornament of speech is the (only) ornament (that counts). : | || | || shabdArtha = what ? = apparel / clothes ? + = to think = important = appropriateness = yellow = cloth = gave (from dA : to give) = one’s own = daughter ( ) = directions + = to see = sea bhAvArtha One should indeed ponder upon the question, â€Å"What’s in one’s apparel ? â€Å". Apparel is indeed important for appropriateness. After looking at the one dressed in a rich yellow cloth (vishnu), the sea gave him his daughter (laxmi) and looking at the one dressedin nothing, (Shiva) the sea gave poison ! (halAhala) | || ? | ? || shabdArtha = qualities = greatness = to go = tall = seat = palace = tip, peak = crow = eagle bhAvArtha One achieves greatness because of one’s qualities, not because of a high position. Even is placed at the top of the palace. a crow does not become an eagle | || | || habdArtha = food = dwelling = wife = mine = one who does = time = wolf = man = goat â€Å"The food is mine, the dwelling is mine, the wife is mine† : The wolf of time kills the man in the form of a goat who is always doing may may ! (mine ! mine ! ) ? . For the lion, nobody need place him on the throne by performing certain ‘samskAras. ‘ By the power of his self won might alone, he has become the lord of the animal kingdom. This position has come naturally to the lion. The poet, through the example of the lion’s might and natural abilities. is simply giving us a simile to paint a picture of the great qualities of great people (mahApurushAs). They too, by their own strength, carry themselves forward. These people need no intermediaries to make their case. | || | || shabdArtha = small, little = work = one who does = man = a lot = one who talks = autumn = cloud = really = to roar = only Those men who talk too much are ones who do little work. THey are the clouds of autumn; they really only roar. (but do not give any rain) ? | || ? ? | || shabdArtha = gone = sorrow = should be done = future = to think / to worry = present = to operate (causal from vart. h) = wise One should not be sorrowful about what is past, nor should one worry too much about the future. The wise men operate by the present times. | ? || | ? ? || shabdArtha = mind = confusion = liqour = drinking = sin = practise / observance + ? = to approach = misfortune = foolish man = to go = hence = should be drunk How to cite Slokas, Papers

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome free essay sample

Last Name and Page # to the right I/2 from the top. Everything double spaced. Student Name Instructor Name Class Course Date Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Paula is a 38 year old administrative assistant. She has visited the medical assistant at Heald College Medical Clinic. During the interview with the assistant, Paula explains she was waking up at night with pain in both wrists, Paula also states the wrist pain becomes worse after she has been working on the computer. Paula says she has been using wrist supports but they do not appear to help. The medical assistant refers Paula to the physician. The physician diagnosis is carpal tunnel syndrome. Diabetes, arthritis, is it the underlying cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The median nerve controls sensations to the palm side of the thumb and fingers (although not the little finger), as well as impulses to some small muscles in the hand that allow the fingers and thumb to move. We will write a custom essay sample on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The carpal tunnel, a narrow rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand houses the median nerve and tendons. Thickening from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel and causes the median nerve to be compressed. The result may be pain, weakness, or numbness in the hand and wrist radiating up the arm. Although painful sensations may indicate other conditions, carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common and widely known of the entrapping neuropathies in which the bodys peripheral nerves are compressed or traumatized. However test will need to be done in order to confirm the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: Early diagnosis and treatment are important to avoid permanent damage to the median nerve. A physical examination of the hands, arms, shoulders, and neck can help determine if the patients complaints are related to daily activities or an underlying disorder which can be used as a tool to rule out other painful conditions that mimic carpal tunnel syndrome. The wrist is examined for tenderness, swelling, warmth, and discoloration. Each finger should be tested for sensation, and the muscles at the base of the hand should be examined for strength and signs of atrophy. Routine laboratory tests and X-rays can reveal diabetes, arthritis, and fractures. Physicians can use specific tests to try to produce the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. In the tendon test, the doctor taps on or presses on the median nerve in the patients wrist. The test is positive when tingling in the fingers or a resultant shock like sensation occurs. The Phalanges, or wrist-flexion, test involves having the patient hold his or her forearms upright by pointing the fingers down and pressing the backs of the hands together. The presence of carpal tunnel syndrome is suggested if one or more symptoms, such as tingling or increasing numbness, are felt in the fingers within 1 minute. Doctors may also ask patients to try to make a movement that brings on symptoms. Often it is necessary to confirm the diagnosis by use of electro diagnostic tests. In a nerve conduction study, electrodes are placed on the hand and wrist. Small electric shocks are applied and the speed with which nerves transmit impulses is measured. In electromyography, a fine needle is inserted into a muscle? Electrical activity viewed on a screen can determine the severity of damage to the median nerve. Ultrasound imaging can show impaired movement of the median nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show the anatomy of the wrist but to date has not been especially useful in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome. Describe the symptoms that occur in carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms usually start gradually, with frequent burning, tingling, or itching numbness in the palm of the hand and the fingers, especially the thumb and the index and middle fingers. Some carpal tunnel sufferers say their fingers feel useless and swollen, even though little or no swelling is apparent. The symptoms often first appear in one or both hands during the night, since many people sleep with flexed wrists. A person with carpal tunnel syndrome may wake up feeling the need to shake out the hand or wrist. As symptoms worsen, people might feel tingling during the day. Decreased grip strength may make it difficult to form a fist, grasp small objects, or perform other manual tasks. In chronic and/or untreated cases, the muscles at the base of the thumb may waste away. Some people are unable to tell between hot and cold by touch. Treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome should begin as early as possible, under a doctors direction. Underlying causes such as diabetes or arthritis should be treated first. Initial treatment generally involves resting the affected hand and wrist for at least 2 weeks, avoiding activities that may worsen symptoms, and immobilizing the wrist in a splint to avoid further damage from twisting or bending. If there is inflammation, applying cool packs can help reduce swelling. Nonsurgical treatments are drugs in special circumstances; various drugs can ease the pain and swelling associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and other nonprescription pain relievers, may ease symptoms that have been present for a short time or have been caused by strenuous activity. Orally administered diuretics (water pills) can decrease swelling. Corticosteroids (such as prednisone) or the drug lidocaine can be injected directly into the wrist or taken by mouth (in the case of prednisone) to relieve pressure on the median nerve and provide immediate, temporary relief to persons with mild or intermittent symptoms. (Caution: persons with diabetes and those who may be predisposed to diabetes should note that prolonged use of corticosteroids can make it difficult to regulate insulin levels. Corticosteroids’ should not be taken without a doctors prescription. Additionally, some studies show that vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplements may ease the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. Exercise Stretching and strengthening exercises can be helpful in people whose symptoms have abated. These exercises may be supervised by a physical therapist, which is trained to use exercises to treat physical impairments, or an occupational therapist, which is trained in evaluating people with physical impairments and helping them build skills to improve their health and wellbeing. Alternative therapies Acupuncture and chiropractic care have benefited some patients but their effectiveness remains unproved. An exception is yoga, which has been shown to reduce pain and improve grip strength among patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Surgery of carpal tunnel release is one of the most common surgical procedures in the United States. Generally recommended if symptoms last for 6 months, surgery involves severing the band of tissue around the wrist to reduce pressure on the median nerve. Surgery is done under local anesthesia and does not require an overnight hospital stay.

Accounting Environment free essay sample

Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter the students should be able to: ?Explain the meaning and purpose of accounting ?Describe the role of accounting as a information system ? Describe why accounting is considered as the language of business ? Assess the impact of external environmental factors on accounting Introduction Accounting has evolved and emerged as most other fields of human activity in response to the social and economic needs of society. Today accounting is moving away from its traditional procedural base, encompassing record keeping and related activities towards the adoption of a role which emphasizes its social importance. In this context, this introductory chapter of the course manual deals with the definition of accounting, use of accounting as an information system and the language of business, users of accounting information and the impact of external environment on accounting. Definition of Accounting The question what is meant by accounting has not been answered precisely. Instead there are many definitions on accounting. Some of these definitions are considered in this section to identify the purpose and functions of accounting. The Committee on Terminology of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) formulated the following definition on accounting in 1941. Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of a financial character, and interpreting the results thereof. This definition of AICPA, USA has been quoted for many years. However, it defines accounting only from the point of view of what it does. Hence, it does not clearly establish the purpose of accounting. On the other hand, the following definition provided by the American Accounting Association (AAA) in 1961 emphasizes the broader perspective of accounting. This definition focuses on accounting as an aid to decision-making. Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information. In 1970, AICPA of USA provided the following definition on accounting with reference to the concept of information. The term ‘quantitative information’ used in this definition is wider in scope than financial or economic information used in previous definitions. Accounting is a service activity. Its function is to provide quantitative information primarily financial in nature about economic activities that is intended to be useful in making economic decisions. Both definitions of AAA and AICPA show that accounting is considered not merely with record keeping. Instead it involves with a whole range of activities. These two definitions emphasize on using accounting information for decision making purposes. Both internal parties of an organization (e. g. managers) and outside parties (e. g. owners, creditors, government) use accounting information in making decisions that affect the organization. Although these definitions have looked at accounting from different perspectives, they have been able to set the boundary of accounting. They have established the nature of accounting and the purpose for which it is used. Hence, based on these definitions, it can be said that accounting is primarily concerned with the provision of information to various stakeholders of an organization to be used in decision making. Accounting as an Information System AAA definition on accounting implies two phases: (1) identifying and measuring economic information and (2) communicating economic information to users (stakeholders of an organisation) for decision making purposes. These two phases show that accounting acts as an information system in an organisation. The accounting process involves recoding and processing of transactions and events of an entity that had occurred during a specific period of time, and communicating the information relevant to processed transactions and events to aid decision-making of various users of accounting information. As an information system, accounting links an information source or transmitter (preparer/s of information), a channel of communication (financial and other statements/reports) and a set of receivers (users of information/stakeholders of an organization). The Figure 1 shows how accounting functions as an information system in business and economic decisions. In the accounting system, transactions and events are the input and the statements of reports given to decision-makers are the output. Figure 1 Accounting as an Information System in Business and Economic Decisions Data Source: Lal, J. (2005), Corporate Financial Reporting: Theory and Practice, second edition, Taxmann Allied Services (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi. Accounting as the Language of Business Accounting is often called the language of business because it is considered as the main mean of communicating information about a business. This reference to accounting as the language of business is observed by Ijiri (1975) as follows: As the language of business, accounting has many things in common with other languages. The various business activities of a firm are reported in accounting statements using accounting language, just as reported news events are reported in newspapers, in the English Language. To express an event in accounting or in English we must follow certain rules. Without following certain rules diligently, not only does one run the risk of being misunderstood but also risks a penalty for misinterpretation, lying or perjury. Comparability of statements is essential to the effective functioning of a language whether it is in English or in Accounting. At the same time, language has to be flexible to adapt to a changing environment. A language broadly has two components: symbols and rules. In accounting too, these two components are available. In accounting, numerals and words, and debits and credits are accepted symbols and they are unique to the accounting discipline. The rules in accounting refer to the general set of procedures followed in creating financial information for an entity. Anthony and Reece (1991) draw a parallel between accounting and language as follows. Accounting resembles a language in that some of its rules are definite whereas others are not. Accountants differ as to how a given event should be reported, just as grammarians differ as to many matters of sentence structure, punctuation and choice of words. Nevertheless, just as many practices are clearly poor English (language), many practices are definitely poor accounting. Languages evolve and change in response to the changing needs of society, and so does accounting. Users of Accounting Information There is an array of users (or stakeholders) who make use of accounting information for decision making. These user groups include present and otential investors, managers, employees, lenders, suppliers, customers, analysts, media, government, and the general public. However, with the broadening of the accountability of organizations, they are accountable to a large group of stakeholders, some of them not clearly known or identified by the organizations. These users can be broadly categorized as internal and external users of accounting information. The term ‘internal u sers’ refers to parties within an organization that make decisions directly affecting its internal operations and this category usually includes managers and employees of an entity. All other users can be grouped under the term ‘external users’, which refer to parties outside the organization that make decisions concerning their relationship to the organization. These two major classifications of users have led to a distinction between two main areas of accounting: financial accounting and management accounting. The primary concern of financial accounting is to provide information to external user groups. On the other hand, the management accounting is primarily concerned with the provision of information to internal user groups. These users have diverse information needs. However, among these diverse needs too, there are common information needs. The financial statements of an entity that provide information about its financial performance, financial position, and changes in financial position address these information needs common to all users. As these financial statements are prepared to meet the information needs of a cross-section of users, they are known as common-purpose (general-purpose) financial statements. However, these financial statements do not provide all the information that users need to make decisions since they largely portray the financial effects of past transactions and events. The responsibility to prepare and present financial statements lies with the management of an entity. As general-purpose financial statements meet the information needs of users who are unable to command the preparation of financial reports of an entity, the government has imposed regulations to govern these financial statements. These regulations are intended to protect the public interest. External Environmental Factors influencing Accounting The pace and change in external environmental factors have a profound influence on business organizations and the way in which they are managed. These factors could be social, economic, political, legal or technological. Accounting, as the language of business and its information system is also affected by these changes. The changing conditions in the external environment have confronted accounting with a number of challenges that should be recognized, accepted and addressed to ensure its relevance and usefulness. This has made accounting to change and grow over the years to meet social requirements and to guide business and industry requirements. Thus, understanding accounting requires understanding the environment within which accounting operates and which it is intended to reflect. The society has been subjected to political, social, economic and technological change. These changes have resulted in globalization, the rise of informed and selective customers, the development of information technology and etc. These changes in the external environment factors are reflected in business organizations through the shift in business types and cost profiles, increase in strategic decision making and greater emphasis on survival. The changing conditions within business organizations lead accounting to change in order to meet the new requirements resulted from these changes. The areas requiring changes in accounting include selection of data, information processing, dissemination of information, role of accounting standards, assumptions and perspectives of accounting, and uses and impact of accounting information. Thus, today’s rapidly changing environment is forcing accounting to reassess its role and function both within the organization and society. Although challenges imposed by different environmental factors on accounting could be discussed separately, they should be viewed from a holistic perspective. This is because the power of potential improvement lies in the cohesion of the changes rather than in individual items. The changing conditions in the business environment will shape the future for accounting. The environment within which business and accounting function operate has become increasing complex. One of its characteristic features is that many social, economic, political, legal and technological influences that create continual change in that environment and these in turn impact on accounting and its product, accounting information. However, it is sometimes criticized that accounting has not been able to keep pace with this changing conditions in the external environment. Summary This chapter provides an overview of accounting based on its nature and purpose, users of accounting information and impact of external environment on accounting. The primary objective of accounting is to provide information that can be used by the stakeholders of an organization (users of accounting information) in making their decisions. These decisions could have a bearing on the resource allocation process in the country and thereby on the economic growth and development of the country. However, the role and functions of accounting cannot be considered in isolation from the social-political-economic context within which it is operating. The rapidly changing external environment is posing many challenges to accounting and it needs to adapt to these changing conditions. This requires a continual process of renewal and improvement in accounting. References American Accounting Association (1966), A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory, AAA. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (1941), Review and Resume, Accounting Terminology Bulletin, No. . American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (1970), Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, Accounting Principles Board Statement No. 4, Anthony, R. N. and Reece, J. S. (1991), Accounting Principles, Richard D Irwin. Ijiri, Y. (1975), Theory of Accounting Measurement, Research Report, No. 10, AAA. Lal, J. (2005), Corporate Financial Report ing: Theory and Practice, second edition, Taxmann Allied Services (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi.